Grain DISCOLORATION (caused by fungal agents) is a complex disease and in the crop seasons when mature grain stage coincides with successive rain falls, it spreads and causes many damages. In this research the effects of PADDY DISCOLORATION in three varieties (Hashemi, Gohar and Khazar) as well as disease index (high vs. low disease index levels) on grain apparent quality, milling properties and grain bending strength were investigated. The experiment was conducted in a factorial layout based on a randomized complete design of three replications. The milling recovery, degree of whitening, bending strength, length and thickness of the grains (brown rice) in the case of high disease index were lower than those in low disease index. Also it was shown that the broken grains in the three varieties of Hashemi, Gohar and Khazar (in high disease index) increased by 5.33, 1.53 and 2.52% as compared with those of low disease index. Therefore it becomes evident that grain DISCOLORATION reduces the bending strength and grain size resulting in lower milling recovery, head rice yield degree of whitening of rice.

Background and Aim: The appearance of teeth plays a key role in human social interactions. Tooth DISCOLORATION is one of the most frequent causes for patients to visit the dentist. Tooth DISCOLORATION is usually aesthetically unpleasant for patients and has a negative psychological effect on them. Orthodontic treatment, despite its well-known benefits, is a risk factor for tooth DISCOLORATION, ranging from imperceptible changes and loss of transparency to white and brown spot lesions. The current review study investigates the etiology of tooth DISCOLORATION after fixed orthodontic treatment and also describes its different treatment options. Material and Method: In this review study, articles published in reputable databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science, were reviewed without time limits until 2024. The articles were searched using the keywords Teeth DISCOLORATION and fixed orthodontics. Initially, 153 articles were reviewed, of which 31 were excluded due to similarity and 96 were excluded due to inconsistency with the topic. The abstracts of other articles were reviewed, and finally, 14 articles were included in the study. Conclusion: Tooth DISCOLORATION after orthodontic treatment is multifactorial, and various etiological factors can directly or indirectly contribute to its development. The debonding process, type of adhesive system, finishing and polishing techniques, and type of brackets used are all factors that contribute to DISCOLORATION. Dentists must first diagnose the cause of the DISCOLORATION, educate the patient about its cause, and adopt appropriate management techniques.

Case: A 31 year old male opioid addict referred to Addiction Rehabilitation Center, an affiliated clinic to Addiction Research Centre for opioid abstinence therapy. He was skinny in a poor condition. He complained of impaired memory, temporary daily agitation, severe weakness, mild paresthesia, impotence and metallic taste. He was also suffered from importunate spastic abdominal cramps and colic pains which have been repeated several times during the last 6 months.

DISCOLORATION remains an unfavourable complication of otherwise successful regenerative endodontic procedure of immature teeth with necrotic pulp. This review presents a critical view on current knowledge of DISCOLORATION sources, its treatment and possible preventive modalities, dealing mainly with the use of antibiotics, ethylendiaminotetraacetic acid, calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium silicate cements, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidin during regenerative treatment and their possible

Like any other materials the colour of the wood is the result of the reflection of light on the surface of the wood.The explanation is the wood absorbes some of the light visible spectra and as a result of the retlection of other light spectra its colour becomes observable.The colour of the wood has been considered as an important index of its beauty and usage and its determining is not less important than other characteristics.In this study the effects of steaming of Fagus Orientals wood DISCOLORATION was measured at deterrent time periods and temperatures and CIE Lab system was user for colour determination. The findings of this study suggest that steaming at 50 and 60°C is better than steaming at high temperatures like 80 and 90°C considering the lightness of the colour. Steaming at high temperatures causes the sapwood to have a severely two-colored appearance and makes the red heart colour more pronounced.

INTRODUCTION: Intrinsic tooth DISCOLORATIONs after endodontic treatment are principally attributed to the composition of necrotic pulp tissue, hemorrhage within the pulp cavity, endodontic medicaments and/or filling materials. Residual sealer left in pulp chamber after obturation can cause DISCOLORATION. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate coronal DISCOLORATION created by AH26 and ZOE sealers after four months.MATERIALS & METHODS: Fifty intact human extracted maxillary central incisors were employed. Access cavities were prepared in all samples and root canals were instrumented; coronal orifices were then sealed using self-cure glass ionomer. The teeth were divided into two experimental groups (n=20) according to utilized sealer in pulp chambers including AH26 and Dorifill (ZOE). The remaining 10 teeth served as negative and positive controls (n=5).The access cavities were sealed with self-cure glass ionomer. Teeth were kept in incubator for four month. Preliminary digital images of the teeth were taken and then compared with those related to 4-month follow-up. The images were assessed using Photoshop software. Data was analyzed using paired t-test and independent samples t-test.RESULTS: The teeth which were filled with AH26 sealer showed significantly greater DISCOLORATION than those filled with ZOE sealer (Dorifill) (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: AH26 sealer causes greater DISCOLORATION of the crown compared to ZOE sealer. Despite the other disadvantage of AH26 sealer, it seems that Dorifill is more esthetically considerate.

Water for PADDY fields irrigation is getting scarcer in Guilan. water input can be reduce by reducing ponded water depths to another water managements. The research was conducted a RCB design with 4 treatments and 3 replications at rice research Institute of Iran, Rasht in one rice variety consisted of Hashemi. The results over this and another research of Hashemi variety showed, water saving was on average 40% with yields reductions of only 10%. Water Productivity and Water Use Efficiency were 0.28-0.75 and 0.29-0.92 Kg grain per water. Total rice production can be increased by using water saved in one location to irrigation new PADDY field in another. If this is not done, a strategy of saving water at the field level potentially threatens total rice production at large.

A 54-year-old woman was visited with a history of asymptomatic gray-brown DISCOLORATION of the facial skin at our dermatology clinic.The lesions first appeared on her chin and then became progressively darker and extended to her nose and, to a lesser extent, to the periphery of her face over a period of five years. She mentioned that the lesions worsened with heat and sun exposure.Her past medical history was unremarkable. The patient’s medications included sunscreens, and hydroquinone lightening creams from many years ago.Physical examination revealed a previous depressed scar of cutaneous leishmaniasis on her forehead, brown to black hyperpigmented macules and patches, more in her midface area, especially the nose and chin, with superimposed small pigmented papules scattered on normal and hyperpigmented facial skin (Figures 1, 2) .She had no DISCOLORATION on other body sites such as the neck, hands or trunk and there was no evidence of arthritis or joint pain.The complete blood cell count, urine analysis and creatinin levels were normal.